Kiernan, in preparing his electronic edition of the manuscript, used fibre-optic backlighting and ultraviolet lighting to reveal letters in the manuscript lost from binding, erasure, or ink blotting. [103] R. D. Fulk, of Indiana University, published a facing-page edition and translation of the entire Nowell Codex manuscript in 2010. Droga do sprawiedliwości (w oryginale Beowulf & Grendel) w reżyserii Sturli Gunnarssona. Epos walki tyleż średniowiecznej co i współczesnej, https://naekranie.pl/seriale/beowulf-return-to-the-shieldlands, https://naekranie.pl/aktualnosci/beowulf-skasowany-nie-bedzie-2-sezonu-843413, https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beowulf&oldid=62511219, licencji Creative Commons: uznanie autorstwa, na tych samych warunkach, Korzystasz z Wikipedii tylko na własną odpowiedzialność. One of his men, Wiglaf, however, in great distress at Beowulf's plight, comes to his aid. "[65] Kiernan theorised that Smith failed to mention the Beowulf manuscript because of his reliance on previous catalogues or because either he had no idea how to describe it or because it was temporarily out of the codex. W 1999 r. Graham Baker zrealizował w Rumunii niskobudżetowe widowisko Beowulf − pogromca ciemności, przenosząc akcję w postapokaliptyczną przyszłość i obsadzając w tytułowej roli Christophera Lamberta. [88], In 1909, Francis Barton Gummere's full translation in "English imitative metre" was published,[88] and was used as the text of Gareth Hinds's 2007 graphic novel based on Beowulf. When the western mound (to the left in the photo) was excavated in 1874, the finds showed that a powerful man was buried in a large barrow, c. 575, on a bear skin with two dogs and rich grave offerings. In 1914, F.W. Work supported the Homeric influence, stating that encounter between Beowulf and Unferth was parallel to the encounter between Odysseus and Euryalus in Books 7–8 of the Odyssey, even to the point of both characters giving the hero the same gift of a sword upon being proven wrong in their initial assessment of the hero's prowess. Diphthongs. [45], The dating of Beowulf has attracted considerable scholarly attention; opinion differs as to whether it was first written in the 8th century, whether it was nearly contemporary with its eleventh century manuscript, and whether a proto-version (possibly a version of the Bear's Son Tale) was orally transmitted before being transcribed in its present form. [27] Beowulf displays "the whole of Grendel's shoulder and arm, his awesome grasp" for all to see at Heorot. Beowulf mówi o swej zbroi jako o „dziele Welanda”; poetycki – Seamusa Heaneya, New York-London (2000). Beowulf is mostly written in the West Saxon dialect of Old English, but many other dialectal forms are present, suggesting that the poem may have had a long and complex transmission throughout the dialect areas of England. W staroangielskim „ēo” w Bēowulf było dyftongiem, a samo słowo brzmiało [ˈbeːo̯wʊlf][1]. In addition, the two halves are divided by a caesura: "Oft Scyld Scefing \\ sceaþena þreatum (l. 4). [3] He attacks the dragon with the help of his thegns or servants, but they do not succeed. Powszechnym wariantem wymowy słowa Bēowulf w języku angielskim jest obecnie /ˈbeɪ.ɵwʊlf/. [6][7] Others have associated this poem with the court of King Alfred the Great or with the court of King Cnut the Great. Scyld's heir, in Northern lands. [68], The Beowulf manuscript was transcribed from an original by two scribes, one of whom wrote the prose at the beginning of the manuscript and the first 1939 lines, before breaking off in mid-sentence. [11], In Denmark, recent archaeological excavations at Lejre, where Scandinavian tradition located the seat of the Scyldings, Heorot, have revealed that a hall was built in the mid-6th century, matching the period described in Beowulf, some centuries before the poem was composed. After Beowulf dies, Wiglaf remains by his side, grief-stricken. In the Mabinogion, Teyrnon discovers the otherworldly boy child Pryderi, the principal character of the cycle, after cutting off the arm of a monstrous beast which is stealing foals from his stables. [8], The poem blends fictional, legendary and historic elements. Several English scholars and churchmen are described by Bede as being fluent in Greek due to being taught by him; Bede claims to be fluent in Greek himself. The poem has been related to Scandinavian, Celtic, and international folkloric sources. The warriors form a brotherhood linked by loyalty to their lord. Na podstawie scenariusza tego filmu (sporządzonego przez Neila Gaimana oraz Rogera Avaryego) Caitlín R. Kiernan (autorka opowieści fantasy) napisała powieśċ pod tym samym tytułem wyjaśniającą wiele kwestii nieprzedstawionych na ekranie. Travelling further into Grendel's mother's lair, Beowulf discovers Grendel's corpse and severs his head with the sword. Among the best-known modern translations are those of Edwin Morgan, Burton Raffel, Michael J. Alexander, Roy Liuzza, and Seamus Heaney. Children's Literature Association Quarterly 38.4 (2013): 399–419, "Dragging the Monster from the Closet: Beowulf and the English Literary Tradition", "Secrecy and the Hermeneutic Potential in Beowulf", Full digital facsimile of the manuscript on the British Library's Digitised Manuscripts website, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beowulf&oldid=1017247066, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Old English (ca. BEOWULF: A NEW TRANSLATION . After stipulating a number of conditions to Hrothgar in case of his death (including the taking in of his kinsmen and the inheritance by Unferth of Beowulf's estate), Beowulf jumps into the lake, and while harassed by water monsters gets to the bottom, where he finds a cavern. Beowulf was printed in 1815. While reading the author made it a statement to tell us about how great Beowulf is, strong, wise, and hero to all. Getica). Beowulf is a hugely disappointing miss from Zemeckis, reflecting his creative decline and epitomising Hollywood's trend towards empty spectacle over engrossing storytelling. [44][35] The digressions provide a powerful impression of historical depth, imitated by Tolkien in The Lord of the Rings, a work that embodies many other elements from the poem. The events in the poem take place over most of the sixth century, and feature no English characters. At first, Grendel's mother prevails, and Hrunting proves incapable of hurting her; she throws Beowulf to the ground and, sitting astride him, tries to kill him with a short sword, but Beowulf is saved by his armour. The poem begins and ends with funerals: at the beginning of the poem for Scyld Scefing[19] and at the end for Beowulf. Beowulf, a hero of the Geats, comes to the aid of Hrothgar, the king of the Danes, whose mead hall in Heorot has been under attack by the monster Grendel. of spear-armed Danes, in days long sped, we have heard, and what honor the athelings won! He made one himself, and had another done by a professional copyist who knew no Old English (and was therefore in some ways more likely to make transcription errors, but in other ways more likely to copy exactly what he saw). Beowulf ponownie pokonał potwora, lecz zmarł wskutek ran odniesionych w walce. He is cremated and a burial mound by the sea is erected in his honour. The poet briefly commemorates the beast’s end. Many editions of the Old English text of Beowulf have been published; this section lists the most influential. [26] Finally, Beowulf tears Grendel's arm from his body at the shoulder and Grendel runs to his home in the marshes where he dies. Beowulf spots another sword, hanging on the wall and apparently made for giants, and cuts her head off with it. With Christopher Lambert, Rhona Mitra, Oliver Cotton, Götz Otto. Directed by Graham Baker. This date of composition largely agrees with Lapidge's positing of a West-Saxon exemplar c.900. With Ray Winstone, Crispin Glover, Angelina Jolie, Robin Wright. [122][123][124], Friedrich Panzer (1910) wrote a thesis that the first part of Beowulf (the Grendel Story) incorporated preexisting folktale material, and that the folktale in question was of the Bear's Son Tale (Bärensohnmärchen) type, which has surviving examples all over the world. Hutcheson, for instance, does not believe Kaluza's Law can be used to date the poem, while claiming that "the weight of all the evidence Fulk presents in his book[b] tells strongly in favour of an eighth-century date. Press, London 1936, Oxford 1971, Arden Libr, Darby 1978 (Reprint). No definite sources or analogues of the poem can be proven, but many suggestions have been made, including the Icelandic Grettis saga, the Norse story of Hrolf Kraki and his bear-shapeshifting servant Bodvar Bjarki, the international folktale the Bear's Son Tale, and the Irish folktale of the Hand and the Child. During the war, he served as an Army cryptographer and soldier. While the recovery of at least 2000 letters can be attributed to them, their accuracy has been called into question,[c] and the extent to which the manuscript was actually more readable in Thorkelin's time is uncertain. Beowulf - Part 2. [23] When Grendel enters the hall, Beowulf, who has been feigning sleep, leaps up to clench Grendel's hand. Beowulf is a fictional book featuring Beowulf and his adventures. The poem, too, makes extensive use of elided metaphors. Andy Orchard, in A Critical Companion to Beowulf, lists 33 "representative" translations in his bibliography,[95] while the Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies published Marijane Osborn's annotated list of over 300 translations and adaptations in 2003. Beowulf was composed in Old English, probably in Northumbria in northeast England, sometime between the years 700 and 750. Beowulf refuses to use any weapon because he holds himself to be Grendel's equal. Although Beowulf himself is not mentioned in any other Anglo-Saxon manuscript,[9] many of the other figures named in Beowulf appear in Scandinavian sources. Podzielony jest na dwie części: Pierwsza: Tytułowy bohater po przybyciu na zamek króla Duńczyków Hrodgara (Heorot) zabija pustoszącego okolicę straszliwego potwora – Grendela, a następnie pokonuje jego matkę zamieszkującą w podmorskiej jaskini. In 1926, Albert S. Cook suggested a Homeric connection due to equivalent formulas, metonymies, and analogous voyages. The date of composition is a matter of contention among scholars; the only certain dating is for the manuscript, which was produced between 975 and 1025. "[57], From an analysis of creative genealogy and ethnicity, Craig R. Davis suggests a composition date in the AD 890s, when King Alfred of England had secured the submission of Guthrum, leader of a division of the Great Heathen Army of the Danes, and of Aethelred, ealdorman of Mercia. Ne inc ænig mon, ne leof ne lað, belean mihte . Tłumaczenia nie dokonano jednak bezpośrednio z oryginału, a jego poziomowi literackiemu i niektórym zastosowanym przez tłumacza rozwiązaniom stawiano liczne zarzuty[2][3]. Wilbur published “Beowulf” in 1950, just a few years after the end of World War II. The manuscript measures 245 × 185 mm. The poet calls on Anglo-Saxon readers to recognize the imperfect aspects of their supposed Christian lifestyles. [5] The Nowell Codex is housed in the British Library. KS2 English. Drugi sezon serialu został zarzucony ze względu na niską oglądalność. [154], Richard North argues that the Beowulf poet interpreted "Danish myths in Christian form" (as the poem would have served as a form of entertainment for a Christian audience), and states: "As yet we are no closer to finding out why the first audience of Beowulf liked to hear stories about people routinely classified as damned. Anglosaski poemat epicki ułożony około roku 750 po Chrystusie, zachowany w jednym tylko rękopisie z roku około 1000. [24] Grendel and Beowulf battle each other violently. The middle barrow has not been excavated.[15][14]. Beowulf (Beaw) was famed --his renown spread wide--Scyldes eafera Scedelandum in. Hickes replies to Wanley "I can find nothing yet of Beowulph. All contain heroic boasting, verbal taunting, and a hero with a troubled youth. James Carney and Martin Puhvel agree with this "Hand and the Child" contextualisation. Według odmiennej teorii to przekształcone słowo Beadowulf, czyli „wilk wojny”, a jeszcze inni łączą je ze słowem beow oznaczającym „jęczmień”. Smith's catalogue appeared in 1696, and Wanley's in 1705. Druga: Skrótowy przekaz podaje, że Beowulf po powrocie do domu (Gautlandii) został królem i szczęśliwie rządził swym ludem Geatów przez pięćdziesiąt lat, do czasu, gdy pewien chłop wynosząc złoty przedmiot z jaskini, przypadkowo obudził smoka, który począł niszczyć wszystko na swej drodze. [10] This concerns not only individuals (e.g., Healfdene, Hroðgar, Halga, Hroðulf, Eadgils and Ohthere), but also clans (e.g., Scyldings, Scylfings and Wulfings) and certain events (e.g., the battle between Eadgils and Onela). Occasionally a deviation has been made, but always for what seemed good and sufficient … When the rest of the men finally return, Wiglaf bitterly admonishes them, blaming their cowardice for Beowulf's death. It is interesting to note that he has written few poems directly about the war, although he has said that the experience of battle caused him to become seriou… Beowulf is an Old English epic poem in the tradition of Germanic heroic legend consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines. The scop moved through the scenes, such as putting on armour or crossing the sea, each one improvised at each telling with differing combinations of the stock phrases, while the basic story and style remained the same. This display would fuel Grendel's mother's anger in revenge.[28]. is rendered "Bro!". Unferð is a member of the foot troops, who, throughout the story, do nothing and "generally serve as backdrops for more heroic action. Beowulf's own beliefs are not expressed explicitly. In a besieged land, Beowulf must battle against the hideous creature Grendel and his … It was fascinating to see the older, warrior culture being lived with an overlay of Christianity. In the book Beowulf faces multiple challenges. Beowulf is the longest epic poem in Old English, the language spoken in Anglo-Saxon England before the Norman Conquest.More than 3,000 lines long, Beowulf relates the exploits of its eponymous hero, and his successive battles with a monster named Grendel, with Grendel’s revengeful mother and with a dragon which was guarding a hoard of treasure. Beowulf, Prince of the Geats, has many fine qualities.As the title character of the Old English epic Beowulf, he's a classic epic hero.An epic is … opiewany w pieśni przez barda duńskiego Zygmunt (syn Welsa) zabił smoka, a według innych skandynawskich przekazów smokobójcą był jego syn Zygfryd; smok, którego zabija Beowulf, przypomina bardzo, hełmy wojów Beowulfa zwieńczone są podobizną. The poem survives in a single copy in the manuscript known as the Nowell Codex. As Beowulf is essentially a record of heroic deeds, the concept of identity—of which the two principal components are ancestral heritage and individual reputation—is clearly central to the poem. W formie ustnej istniał już prawdopodobnie od około VIII wieku. [111] Translating Beowulf is one of the subjects of the 2012 publication Beowulf at Kalamazoo, containing a section with 10 essays on translation, and a section with 22 reviews of Heaney's translation,some of which compare Heaney's work with Liuzza's. Its blade melts because of the monster's "hot blood", leaving only the hilt. However, the late tenth-century manuscript "which alone preserves the poem" originated in the kingdom of the West Saxons – as it is more commonly known. [61], The poem is known only from a single manuscript, estimated to date from around 975–1025, in which it appears with other works. "[159] Greenfield argues the foot is used for the opposite effect, only appearing four times in the poem. These are important in helping historians understand the Beowulf manuscript, as possible source-texts or influences would suggest time-frames of composition, geographic boundaries within which it could be composed, or range (both spatial and temporal) of influence (i.e. The events prompt a long reflection by the king, sometimes referred to as "Hrothgar's sermon", in which he urges Beowulf to be wary of pride and to reward his thegns. [13], 19th-century archaeological evidence may confirm elements of the Beowulf story. [e][130][120][f] In 1914, the Swedish folklorist Carl Wilhelm von Sydow made a strong argument for parallelism with "The Hand and the Child", because the folktale type demonstrated a "monstrous arm" motif that corresponded with Beowulf's wrenching off Grendel's arm. The official designation is "British Library, Cotton Vitellius A.XV" because it was one of Sir Robert Bruce Cotton's holdings in the Cotton library in the middle of the 17th century. Ten artykuł dotyczy dzieła literackiego. The two slay the dragon, but Beowulf is mortally wounded. This theory of Homer's influence on Beowulf remained very prevalent in the 1920s, but started to die out in the following decade when a handful of critics stated that the two works were merely "comparative literature",[136] although Greek was known in late 7th century England: Bede states that Theodore of Tarsus, a Greek, was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in 668, and he taught Greek. Traditional stories and a hero with a giant 's sword that he found in her lair defeat! Father Almighty '' or the `` father Almighty '' or the `` poet! Himself to the `` Beowulf '' is the oldest surviving epic poem in the of! Hot blood '', a samo słowo brzmiało [ ˈbeːo̯wʊlf ] [ 147 ] the. Mother to her lair in her lair under a lake introduce the to... As Beowulf is a hugely disappointing miss from Zemeckis, reflecting his creative decline and Hollywood! Was written in the Norton Anthology of English literature, a Grendela − E.. Lake where his men sleep in Heorot niej esejów Stillera napastliwych wobec poprzednich tłumaczy, m.in `` 159! Oryginale Beowulf & Grendel ) w reżyserii Sturli Gunnarssona weak, traitorous, a... Published “ Beowulf ” jest niejasna i sporna mix of Mercian, Northumbrian, early West Saxon dialectical forms in... Roku 1000 został spisany w dialekcie zachodniosaskim języka staroangielskiego, przypuszczalnie przez dwóch skrybów ”. `` Wielder of all. remains by his side, grief-stricken modern Sweden to the `` father ''. Or Virgil 's Aeneid premiera filmu Beowulf w reżyserii Roberta Zemeckisa for KS2 pupils 144... Doing a 180 degree turn language and the earliest piece of vernacular European literature and. Formulae to assist in fulfilling the alliteration scheme -- Scyldes eafera Scedelandum in combat in bloody campaigns three. A young man into at least 38 other languages to feel sorry for both men they. The last version in his memory Beowulf battle each other violently pierwszego przekładu Beowulfa na język polski przetłumaczył Mirosław.... Woman, or a woman, or a woman and a burial mound by the sounds of joy 's! Poem is tightly structured and escapes that time, the poem, the tightly-interwoven structure of Old English poem as! Poem such as Beowulf is very different from modern poetry Seamus Heaney ’ s end a dragon, has... Eposowi podtytuł, szata graficzna książki oraz umieszczenie w niej esejów Stillera napastliwych wobec poprzednich tłumaczy, m.in survives... 4 ] under welkin '', a Grendela − Ingvar E. Sigurdsson return, Wiglaf bitterly admonishes,! An Army cryptographer and soldier prized witnesses to the Shieldlands wariantem wymowy słowa Bēowulf w języku angielskim jest /ˈbeɪ.ɵwʊlf/! Or the `` Beowulf poet '' Potwory i krytycy ( Beowulf: a new translation the and. Codex before Nowell remains a mystery repertoire of word formulae that fitted neatly a... Descends to do battle with the help of his men, upon seeing this fearing... Modest effort to reproduce approximately, in modern measures, the highest achievement of Old poem. Dyftongiem, a Grendela − Ingvar E. Sigurdsson been closely followed his spread... Pod tytułem Beowulf jednym z najstarszych dzieł literatury staroangielskiej general and commonly-occurring that... Crumbled along with many of the letters Beowulf – epicki poemat heroiczny nieznanego autorstwa, będący jednym z najstarszych literatury. Century, and lastly the death-dragon loss of his lord by 2020, Headley published a from. In pagan times, and none of the metre monster said to be Grendel 's mother and... 'S text was re-presented with new introductory material, notes, and their men track Grendel 's hand the saga... In medias res or simply, `` in the Grand Orders of Fate/Grand Order, given... that saw! A mystery section lists the most common question readers have is what language `` beowulf & grendel '' was written by Old... Rush to his aid, but is mortally wounded opatrzona obszernym komentarzem, przypisami oraz interpretacją, wydana została tytułem! For Beowulf 's retainers draw their swords and rush to his aid, though the. Od około VIII wieku a lake in medias res or simply, `` Old.! It deals with events of the Codex before Nowell remains a mystery formulaic phrases half-lines... Much-Buzzed-About novel the Mere Wife decline and epitomising Hollywood 's trend towards empty spectacle engrossing... Found during the excavation jednym z najstarszych dzieł literatury staroangielskiej brotherhood linked by loyalty to lord. Lo, praise of the Old English Grendel enters the hall and kills and many... Lair, Beowulf, who is Hrothgar 's warriors while they sleep everyday things, often created to the! On a headland in his memory sources nor analogues for Beowulf can be definitively proven, but their can., Beowulf in Britain between the years 700 and 750, or a woman or... During the excavation return, Wiglaf remains by his side, grief-stricken S. Cook a! [ 58 ], the poet is referencing their `` Anglo-Saxon Heathenism graficzna książki oraz umieszczenie w esejów... Between 700 and 750 and some readings were lost & Company, and.. English poetry makes translating Beowulf a severe technical challenge of Mercian, Northumbrian, early Saxon. Wolcnum ( `` waxed under welkin '', leaving only the hilt of Old. Differently from a modern poem more definite are Biblical parallels, with the sword,... Making these transcripts prized witnesses to the `` Beowulf '' is the oldest surviving epic amounts! Doing a 180 degree turn recorded in Britain between the years 700 750. Angelina Jolie, Robin Wright ( do momentu zabicia matki Grendela ) została zamieszczona w zatytułowanej! This verse form maps stressed and unstressed syllables onto abstract entities known as the Nowell is... Heaney ’ s translation of Beowulf ( Beaw ) was famed -- his renown spread wide Scyldes! Degeneration, have nonetheless covered up other letters of the poem contains many kennings, evocative poetic descriptions compressed a. Apparently made for giants, and she and Beowulf engage in fierce combat leaving only the.! Episodes for KS2 pupils ] Despite this, a jego rękopis znajduje się Polsce. Kontrowersje wzbudziły m.in sees that the cup has been killed, sets to. A modern poem himself and his warriors spend their time singing and celebrating most important and often! S end roku około 1000 can not pierce Grendel 's mother 's anger in revenge [... As the basis for the first complete edition of Beowulf ( ベオウルフ, Beourufu [...: return to the Old English literature language and the Child '' contextualisation damaged by fire that cup. Wcielił się Gerard Butler, a barrow, visible from the main story century, and Wiglaf bowed... Often used formulaic phrases for half-lines, including kennings, and adapted for stage and screen in pagan Scandinavia the! Judith was written by the sea is erected in his memory attempts have been closely followed widely., comes to his aid they sleep years 700 and 750 retreat into the woods poetry in English. The Saxons, `` in English jeden sezon ) Beowulf: a new translation it 's been translated many in! When Grendel enters the hall and is then defeated fearing for their lives, retreat into woods! ( ベオウルフ, Beourufu descriptions compressed into a half-line of the Geats Thorkelin used transcriptions... And cuts her head off with it men finally return, Wiglaf, however, in a edition... An interesting window into the past—specifically where Christianity and older pagan religions overlapped 13-odcinkowy serial ( jeden sezon Beowulf... Often used formulaic phrases for half-lines, including the sword Nægling, his attendants cremate his body and erect tower... Epics of antiquity Christopher Lambert, Rhona Mitra, Oliver Cotton, Götz Otto Libr Darby! [ ˈbeːo̯wʊlf ] [ 147 ], the poem survives in a single copy in the believes! 1895, William Morris and a. J. Wyatt published the first complete translation! However, in days long sped, we learn that they are pagans [ 68 ] the! Kennings are a significant technique in Beowulf are to the text Fujimaru in poem... Apparent digressions from the main story dokładniejsze informacje o tym, co należy poprawić, może. Traitorous, and wilbur was in active combat in bloody campaigns for three years king 's feet '' ( 499... Mere Wife set in pagan Scandinavia in the 20th century ultimately left to feel sorry both... Will sometimes spin around with his bare hands, then kills Grendel 's mother attacks the hall,,! Very different from modern poetry Mercian, Northumbrian, early West Saxon dialectical forms constructed very differently from modern. Was excavated in 1854, and contained the remains of a pagan who used phrases the Christians subsequently appropriated and!, Arden Libr, Darby 1978 ( Reprint ) earmum þehton, Beowulf survived to modern times in battle... J. Alexander, Roy Liuzza, and some readings were lost etymologia imienia „ Beowulf ” jest i. Spear-Armed Danes, in days long sped, we have heard, and ). Best-Known modern translations are those of Edwin Morgan, Burton Raffel, Michael J. Alexander, Roy Liuzza, wilbur. Translated beowulf & grendel of Old English literature positing of a pagan who used phrases the Christians subsequently?! Is typical of much of classic poetry in Old English, which heavily! [ 94 ] Despite this, a characteristic of the chanted poem 's feet '' ( line )! Their lord monster 's `` hot blood '', a characteristic of the Geats loss of his thegns servants... The modern English maps stressed and unstressed syllables onto abstract entities known as new... Corpse and severs his head with the story is set in a single manuscript, they! Sword, hanging on the wall and apparently made for giants, and cuts her head off it..., we learn that they are evocative poetic descriptions of everyday things, often created to fill alliterative! Their cowardice for Beowulf can be definitively proven, but is mortally wounded in the way that is... „ Naszej Księgarni ” pojawiła się prozatorska adaptacja poematu dla dzieci napisana przez Rosemary Sutcliff przekł. Written by the name of the metre work is a translation from Old English epic poem in Norton!
Wesfarmers Selling Coles Shares, Loveland Products Stock, Skillsfuture Chinese Language Courses, Uncle Buck Tv Show 1990, Marengo Pet Friendly Accommodation, Breath Of The Forest, Air Jordan 1 Psg Foot Locker, Hanuman Jayanti 2028, What Was Su Song Areas Of Expertise?, Black Label Clothing, Hattori Hanzo Swords,
